![]() ![]() Studies of collective cell migration on 2D cell cultures only partially reflect the physiology and architecture of in vivo tissues. This phenomenon is generally known as collective cell migration, and it plays important roles in developmental processes, such as gastrulation or neural crest migration, as well as in wound closure and cancer invasion. In addition, our software includes functions to visualize the 3D vector fields in Paraview.Ĭellular migration in multi-cellular organisms often involves tissues or groups of cells that maintain stable or transient cell-cell contacts to preserve tissue integrity, sustain spatial patterning, or to enable the relocation of non-motile cells. Post-processing options include filtering and averaging of the resulting vector fields, extraction of velocity, divergence and collectiveness maps, simulation of pseudo-trajectories, and unit conversion. Currently, quickPIV offers efficient 2D and 3D PIV analyses featuring zero-normalized and normalized squared error cross-correlations, sub-pixel/voxel approximation, and multi-pass. The presented software addresses the need for a fast and open-source 3D PIV package in biological research. We show normalized squared error cross-correlation to be especially accurate in detecting translations in non-segmentable biological image data. Additionally, by applying quickPIV to three data sets of the embryogenesis of Tribolium castaneum, we obtained vector fields that recapitulate the migration movements of gastrulation, both in nuclear and actin-labeled embryos. The accuracy evaluation of our software on synthetic data agrees with the expected accuracies described in the literature. ![]() Our software is also faster than the fastest 2D PIV package in openPIV, written in C++. QuickPIV is three times faster than the Python implementation hosted in openPIV, both in 2D and 3D. Our software is focused on optimizing CPU performance and ensuring the robustness of the PIV analyses on biological data. This paper presents the implementation of an efficient 3D PIV package using the Julia programming language-quickPIV. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a robust and segmentation-free technique that is suitable for quantifying collective cellular migration on data sets with different labeling schemes. Dynamic 3D data sets of developing organisms allow for time-resolved quantitative analyses of morphogenetic changes in three dimensions, but require efficient and automatable analysis pipelines to tackle the resulting Terabytes of image data. A scaling analysis shows the importance of thermocapillary convection in evaporating menisci.The technical development of imaging techniques in life sciences has enabled the three-dimensional recording of living samples at increasing temporal resolutions. Particle streaks and micro-particle image velocimetry images obtained in multiple horizontal and vertical planes provide an understanding of this three-dimensional flow behavior. The high mass fluxes in smaller-diameter tubes drive stronger vortices. For larger tubes, buoyancy effects become apparent as they dominate the flow field. For the 75 μ m tube, a symmetrical toroidal vortex is observed near the meniscus. A transition from a pure two-dimensional thermocapillary flow to a 3D buoyant-thermocapillary flow is observed with an increase in tube diameter. The relative influence of buoyancy and thermocapillarity on the flow was investigated for tube diameters ranging from 75 to 1575 μ m. This results in a surface tension gradient which, coupled with buoyancy effects, causes buoyant-thermocapillary convection in the liquid film. Analysis of the vapor diffusion away from the meniscus reveals a zone of intense heat flux near the solid-liquid-vapor junction that creates a temperature gradient along the meniscus. Micro-particle image velocimetry measurements of the three-dimensional (3D) convection patterns generated near an evaporating meniscus in horizontally oriented capillary tubes are presented. ![]()
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